Apical aneurysm of the feline left ventricle. Literature review based on a series of 17 cases
Apical aneurysm of the feline left ventricle. Literature review based on a series of 17 cases
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19137/cienvet.v28.9866Keywords:
Feline cardiomyopathy, mid-ventricular hypertrophy, AneurysmAbstract
Left mid-ventricular obstruction (LMVO) is a sparsely documented entity in veterinary medicine. In human medicine, it is associated with the development of apical aneurysms (AA) due to flow entrapment and high apical systolic pressure. The objective of this study is to describe the correlation between echocardiographic and anatomopathological findings in a series of 17 felines with LMVO and AA. Seventeen felines (aged 8–15 years; 55% male and 45% female) diagnosed with LMVO and AA between 2015 and 2024 were evaluated. Fourteen patients were diagnosed pre-mortem via Doppler echocardiography, and three post-mortem. Seven necropsies were performed with histopathological studies (H&E and Masson's Trichrome) of the ventricular wall and the left anterior descending artery. LMVO was caused by myocardial hypertrophy, fibromuscular bands/membranes, or excess false tendons. All patients were normotensive and presented no outflow tract obstruction. Color Doppler detected mid-ventricular turbulent flow in 100% of the live cases. Histopathology revealed fibrosis in the aneurysm wall without evidence of obstructive coronary disease, suggesting a hemodynamic etiology. AAs associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy showed greater size and dense fibrosis compared to other causes of obstruction. The association between LMVO and the development of AA in felines is confirmed. The absence of coronary lesions reinforces the theory of flow entrapment as a mechanical cause of myocardial injury. This represents the largest case series reported to date, constituting a significant contribution to feline and comparative cardiology
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